China & Russia AI ecosystems, read in the original

What the English version leaves out.

人工智能 искусственный интеллект Artificial intelligence

One field, three languages

Parallel Frontier reads China's and Russia's AI worlds in the original: primary sources, translated and explained, new issues weekly.

中国China · industrial, state-directed
РоссияRussia · resource-constrained, opportunistic
Latest issue
Issue Nº 4 · 23 July 2026
Support, Assist, Cooperate
China spent the WAIC week founding the first intergovernmental AI body and pledging AI to the Global South. The story is not the governance principles. It is what ships with the offer.
Terminology Watch, 智能向善 against 国家情报法
Parallel Frontier is written by Caroline Swartz. Chinese language & politics (NYU), Russian politics MSc (KCL), Mandarin SIGINT spanning defensive and offensive cyber operations, security operations leadership, short- and long-form reporting in five languages, AI safety research, and an MA in computational linguistics in progress (UCL).